Water scarcity and the Syrian refugee crisis

More than half a million Syrian refugees are now living in Jordan, already one of the world's driest countries. Water shortages have reached emergency levels in some areas, where the supply is as low as 30 liters per person per day — one-tenth of what the average American uses. Photo: Cassandra Nelson/Mercy Corps

09 March 2014

Jordan is running out of water. Already one of the world’s driest countries, the Kingdom faces a crisis badly exacerbated by the increasing needs of those displaced by Syria’s civil war.

Last year, the bloody conflict pushed 600,000 refugees into northern Jordan, placing profound new pressures on already over-stretched resources.

We wanted to better understand how to navigate this new environment, where a refugee crisis layers over chronic scarcity. In early 2013, I spent several weeks in Jordan interviewing hosts and refugees, international donors, water specialists, NGOs, and government representatives. The goal was to outline the scope of the challenge, capture key lessons from those living and working on the front lines, and inform future efforts.

The result is a new report out today, outlining the urgent needs and our recommendations. See the statistics and stories in Tapped Out ▸

Daily struggle for water

Smiling boy with arms outstretched — Hassam lives across the street from this water pump station in Mafraq. Mercy Corps is renovating the infrastructure here to serve both Jordanian families like Hassam's and Syrian refugees who have sought shelter in these northern towns. Photo: Dina Sabbagh/Mercy Corps

Water scarcity is a national challenge that is strikingly intimate. It profoundly affects families and communities. In northern Jordan, which hosts the largest number of Syrian refugees, water shortages have spiked. Hospitals and schools don’t have enough water to maintain sanitation standards. Mosques cannot perform the necessary daily ablutions. Pipelines are running dry, particularly in the hot, dry summers. Sometimes weeks elapse before a drop comes out of the tap.

“Not having water adds a lot of pressure to people,” said Um Omar, a single mother living in northern Jordan. Sometimes she would go to neighbours to ask for water, but often they were nearly as desperate.

“I was worried all the time. It is a major source of anxiety. A woman having to go to her neighbours in the middle of the night” — she waved her hand — “she feels her dignity taken away.”

A woman getting water from a catchment system — Rainwater catchment systems are one of the ways Mercy Corps is helping Jordanians conserve water resources. More changes are necessary: The aging infrastructure leaks 7.6 billion liters of water a year. Photo: Shadi Bushnaq/Mercy Corps

Conservation helps both Jordanians and Syrians

Mercy Corps has been working in Jordan since 2006 to increase access and help communities conserve precious water resources. With the influx of Syrian refugees, we rapidly expanded our programmes to address overwhelming new needs.

In addition to digging new wells to serve the Zaatari refugee camp, we’ve upgraded the city infrastructure to improve the water supply for tens of thousands of people. Our USAID-supported microfinance projects have helped families and schools install rainwater catchments and greywater treatment systems, reducing demands on local water networks.

These local investments don’t just help Jordanians: Approximately 83 per cent of refugees live not in camps, but in Jordanian cities and towns.

Last year, through these programmes, Um Omar installed a rainwater catchment system at her house. Her cistern has been naturally filled by rain three times. With the added water, she has enough to prepare food, wash clothes, and maintain a small garden of olive trees and thyme.

“Before I could hardly breathe,” she said. “I’m not as scared anymore.”

Improving infrastructure and mitigating tensions are key

But massive needs persist: Nationwide, Jordan’s leaky pipes lose an estimated 7.6 billion litres a year — enough to satisfy the needs of 2.6 million people, roughly the population of Greater Manchester.

In our new report, Tapped Out, we outline our recommendations for addressing Jordan’s water shortage during this critical time. The ongoing refugee crisis requires that we make smart, long-term investments now in order to preserve the health and security of one of the Arab world's most stable countries.